Theory X, Y, and Z Essay Example

Hypothesis X, Y, and Z Paper Correlation and Contrast on Theory XY and Z Douglas McGregor proposed that there are two unique manners by which we can take a gander at laborers mentalities toward work. Every one of these perspectives, which McGregor called Theory X and Theory Y, has suggestions for the board. Hypothesis X (dictator the board style) - People don't generally prefer to work and will maintain a strategic distance from it assuming there is any chance of this happening so they should be constrained, controlled, coordinated, compromised with discipline to get them to work. - The normal laborer keeps away from duty, is unambitious and needs security more than all else. The board dependent on Theory X is paternalistic, best case scenario and, in any event, tyrant. - Rewards and discipline are accepted in this hypothesis to be the way to worker efficiency. Hypothesis X chiefs accept that laborers are just inspired by one thing cash. They are egotistical, languid and abhor work. They should be firmly control led and coordinated. Hypothesis Y (participative administration style) The hypothesis Y is somewhat the contrary picture of X - Effort in work is as normal as rest and play. Individuals will put forth a concentrated effort control and self-bearing in the quest for hierarchical goals, and the outside control or the danger of discipline isn't the main methods for getting them to work. - Commitment to targets is an element of remunerations related with their accomplishment. The most significant prize: fulfillment of their own inner self needs. - People generally acknowledge and frequently look for obligation. - Creativity, resourcefulness, and creative mind are generally disseminated among the populace. Individuals are fit for utilizing these capacities to take care of a hierarchical issue. In current industry the scholarly capability of the normal individual is just halfway used. Hypothesis Y supervisors accept that Workers are inspired by a wide range of elements separated from cash. They make the most of their work and they will cheerfully assume on liability and settle on choices for the business. Hypothesis z William Ouchi Theory Z makes certain suppos itions about specialists: People will in general need to fabricate agreeable and cozy working associations with those that they work for and with, just as the individuals that work for them. We will compose a custom paper test on Theory X, Y, and Z explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Theory X, Y, and Z explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Theory X, Y, and Z explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer They have a significant should be bolstered by the organization, and profoundly esteem a workplace wherein such things as family, societies and customs, and social establishments are viewed as similarly significant as the work itself. They have an all around created feeling of request, discipline, moral commitment to buckle down, and a feeling of attachment with their kindred specialists. At long last, Theory Z laborers can be trusted to carry out their responsibilities to their most extreme capacity, insofar as the board can be trusted to help them and post for their prosperity. Probably the best part of hypothesis Z is the drawn out work which would speak to Americans since they need professional stability. The aggregate dynamic will make a decent workplace and increment efficiency. Something that Americans wont like is the moderate assessment and advancement. Americans dont like to hold up a very long time before they can get an advancement and they would prefer to find another line of work. Another incredible advantage is that the organization will have comprehensive worry for you and your family. Hypothesis Z likewise puts more dependence on the mentality and obligations of the laborers, though McGregors XY hypothesis is for the most part centered around the executives and inspiration from the chiefs and associations point of view. Correlation Contrast Douglas McGregor will in general classify individuals as some kind: either being reluctant or unmotivated to work, or acting naturally roused towards work. Dangers and disciplinary activity are believed to be utilized all the more successfully in this circumstance, albeit money related prizes can likewise be a prime spark to make Theory X laborers produce more. William Ouchi accepts that individuals are naturally self-spurred to not exclusively accomplish their work, yet are faithful towards the organization, and need to cause the organization to succeed. Hypothesis X pioneers would be increasingly tyrant, while Theory Y pioneers would be progressively participative. In any case, in the two cases it appears that the administrators would at present hold a lot of control. Hypothesis Z supervisors would must have a lot of trust that their laborers could settle on quality choices. In this way, this sort of pioneer is bound to go about as mentor, and let the laborers settle on a large portion of the choices. As referenced above, McGregors directors, in the two cases, would appear to keep the majority of the force and authority. On account of Theory Y, the supervisor would take proposals from laborers, yet would keep the ability to execute the choice. Hypothesis Z proposes that the directors capacity to practice force and authority originates from the laborers confiding in the board to deal with them, and permit them to carry out their responsibilities. The laborers have a lot of info and weight in the dynamic procedure. Strife in the Theory Z field would include a lot of conversation, cooperation, and arrangement. The laborers would be the ones fathoming the contentions, while the supervisors would play to a greater extent an outsider judge job. This kind of supervisor may be bound to practice a lot of Power based compromise style, particularly with the Theory X laborers. Hypothesis Y laborers may be allowed the chance to apply Negotiating procedures to comprehend their own disparities. Hypothesis Z underlines progressively visit execution evaluations, yet more slow advancements, while as indicated by Theory X, examinations happen all the time. Advancements likewise happen all the time.

Leadership Marketing Institutional Affiliation †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Leadership Marketing Institutional Affiliation. Answer: Presentation: In spite of the fact that there are numerous likenesses among worldwide and residential pioneers, yet at the same time worldwide pioneers are seen confronting more difficulties like language, mentality of various culture individuals, and contrast in foundation. In this manner creating competency among pioneers identified with transnational showcasing is significant. Difficulties looked by transnational showcasing pioneers ordinarily includes ones that are identified with innovation and complex nature of work under various circumstances. They are likewise qualified for oversee holes among rich and poor by adjusting adaptable and modifying nature in their work culture(Guetz, 2015). Out of different kinds of initiative abilities identified with transnational showcasing, three of the most significant of them includes creating key qualities out of them. Ones which are likewise meant as focus of worldwide initiative competency incorporate individual change and mindfulness. Furthermore, mental character of pioneer to oversee issues by controlling and cementing activities, identifies with want of mental attribute of pioneers who can play out their work in the wake of improving greatest assets. Other than this they are additionally self steady, empathically solid and have judgment abilities. They are additionally qualified for propel different representatives working under global condition and tolerating the unpredictability of working with various societies. Thirdly, goal of conduct competency among transnational showcasing pioneers is likewise discovered that identifies with the nature of pioneers describing long range informal communication aptitudes and informatio n. Here substantial information and unequivocal abilities are considered so as to give noticeable outcomes. Applying a system of competency by underscoring more on instruction and evaluation is wanted to quicken exceptional sorts of transnational markets(Jokinen, 2004). Business technique that centers around single retail location associations with underline on expanding productivity and volume by offering items to people as opposed to building relationship with the purchasers in called value-based promoting. These sorts of showcasing methodology are relied upon 4 Ps standards which are: Product, Pricing, Placement and Promotion(TechTarget, 2014). This sort of showcasing methodology has end up being costly however gives benefits in since quite a while ago run. These sort of advertising require creating singular deals approach for which portability contributes as a significant factor. Since clients these days are profoundly relied upon promoting techniques, making purchaser and vender relationship has gotten extremely noteworthy. Value-based showcasing needs keeping up solid relationship with its clients and in this manner requests increasingly adaptable methodology which can be satisfied subsequent to including portability in its exchanges. Making brand unwaveringness among clients has additionally become point of convergence of numerous associations. Therefore two-way correspondence is encouraged by greater organizations through relationship supervisory groups. With the developing innovation and web accessibility, acquiring versatility relationship the board to build deals through value-based promoting has gotten simpler than previously permitting organizations to screen clients request and issues that can help in improving their image. In value-based promoting, organizations focuses in making brisk deals without sitting around idly on client connections and alo ng these lines giving limits and different advantages gets obligatory. In the event that portability in business is applied it gets enticing for different assets to put resources into the business. Anyway cost of making new clients gets higher since infiltrating in more up to date advertise is consistently costlier(Castro, 2015) References: Castro, J. (2015, 09 04). Relationship Marketing versus Value-based Marketing: A Biased Discussion. Recovered from https://www.multiversemediagroup.com/promoting tips/relationship-advertising versus value-based showcasing a-one-sided conversation/ Guetz, I. A. (2015, 06). Transnational Strategy Shift: The Importance of Cultural Awareness. Recovered from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/958e/4742d8e940cac950ecc9ec3fae3e290de749.pdf Jokinen, T. (2004). Worldwide initiative skills: an audit and conversation. Recovered from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.457.4572rep=rep1type=pdf TechTarget. (2014). Relationship Marketing. Recovered from https://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/relationship-promoting

How to Dissolve a Group Conflict Quickly

How to Dissolve a Group Conflict Quickly Conflict is an unfortunate, yet an undeniable part of human existence. If you’re a team leader, then you know that your role involves that of the ‘peacekeeper’. You need to learn to dissolve conflict to guarantee the team can achieve common goals and continue performing to the highest level.In this post, I’m going to help you identify the steps and strategies you need to take and adopt in order to dissolve a group conflict quickly. You’ll learn about classifying the conflict, engaging in a constructive manner, and adopting strategies that help the team find an effective solution.DEFINING GROUP CONFLICTConflicts are not alike. They come in all shapes and sizes, and more importantly, conflicts can have both negative and positive consequences. You therefore should never approach conflict, as it is always the same and just assume it will lead to a negative disruption in the workplace.As I’ll show you during the post, the reasons behind the conflict can be varied and the outcome can actually lead to a beneficial result for your business â€" so don’t despair if your team starts arguing.Before examining the different ways you can classify group conflicts, you should note the different types of conflicts. Group conflict essentially is just one of a subset of the five common conflict types. These five are:Conflict within the individual â€" These are generally value-based conflicts the person has within themselves. For example, if you are a vegan and you are passionate about animal welfare, you might be conflicted if you worked at a steak place and you had to serve meat, even though you find in unethical. Similarly, your position might lead to conflicts â€" a police officer attending a party on his free time might be conflicted with people using illegal substances, yet feel like it’s not the time and place to start arresting his own friends.Interpersonal conflict â€" These conflicts occur between two or more people and it is the most common form of conflict. The reason can vary from power conflict to conflicts in value. You might, for example, be at locker heads with another person at work over which method to use for accounting.Conflict between an individual and a team â€" Individuals might not just clash with each others, but also with a team. This would mean that one person is in disagreement with a team of people. Imagine you were a waitress and you felt the rest of the team is not putt ing enough effort in customer service, yet the tips (you mainly earn) were divided among the whole team. You might therefore be in conflict with the rest of the group.Intergroup conflict â€" You can also find conflict among different groups of people. This could happen in an organization as well. For instance, your accounting team might feel strongly that the sales team is not being efficient enough in cutting costs, while the sales team might disagree with the notion and feel like the accountants don’t understand their pressures.Inter-organizational conflict â€" These group-based conflicts can occur in a much larger scale, meaning two separate organizations or entities are in conflict with each other.In this post, I’m focusing on the team-based conflicts. These are essentially interpersonal problems, which appear between two or more people on a team. Group conflict also has a disruptive element to it, even when it isn’t necessarily negative. For good and for worse, a team con flict always affects teamwork â€" the team doesn’t perform optimally during a conflict situation.As the above already alluded to, group conflict can have a variety of reasons. The most common reason is an imbalance between the perceptions, goals, and values of the team.Essentially, your opinion might differ from that of Person X and this creates an imbalance within the team and makes achieving the objectives difficult at that time. Figuring out the reasoning behind the conflict â€" classifying it â€" can be the key to solving it.CLASSIFYING THE CAUSES OF GROUP CONFLICTAbove I identified some of the different ways conflict occurs and touched on some of the reasons people find themselves in a confrontational situation. Aside from understanding who is in conflict â€" an individual or a group â€" it’s also important to understand the causes of the conflict or the driving forces of the conflict. What is sustaining the conflict? What is the basis of the conflict?By answering these que stions and identifying the underlying causes and manifestations of the conflict, you can better resolve it. There are three key ways to classify a group conflict. You can view it through its functional attribute, its origin, and its behavior.Functional attributeConflicts within a team do not always result in a negative outcome. This essentially means the conflict situation might not result in a situation where the team is unable to perform normally or that the conflict will result it loss of objectives. Put it another way, a conflict can be either functional or dysfunctional.As mentioned above, a functional conflict would not affect team performance in a significant manner. The rest of the team and the parties of the conflict would still be able to perform their duties and continue to produce results that are on par with the objectives. Nonetheless, there would be some sort of disagreement or argument within the team that is still worth looking into.On the other hand, dysfunctional conflicts are those super disruptive events, where the team’s ability to work is hindered. The team is influenced by the conflict in a way that partly or wholly prevents the team from achieving the shared goals. This type of conflict can have a long-lasting negative attention and generally requires immediate attention.Origin of conflictYou can also classify the conflict based on the origin of it. This means understanding where the conflict has started and how the situation has evolved â€" i.e. do people still believe the conflict is about the thing that started it all. The origins or reasons for disagreements have already been mentioned briefly. To recap, group conflicts tend to be based on:Values of team members.Goals misaligning with the expectations and vice versa.Roles and responsibilities of team members.Lack of resources.It’s generally helpful if you understand which reason is causing the problems, as it can help tackle the issues head on. For example, if someone in the te am (Person B) doesn’t like the values of a Person A, you need to consider a different approach than if the conflict was down to Person A having more resources to do his/her work.In the case of the latter, you can solve the situation by redistribution of resources, more support for Person B, or by providing a simple explanation why A needs more resources. On the other hand, solving a conflict of values can require an effort from both employees to find a compromise.BehaviorFinally, you could also classify the conflict based on the behavior team members’ use during the conflict. Conflict doesn’t always lead to an adverse reaction, where people refuse to talk to each other. There can be positive and constructive behavior manifested during conflict. Like you had functional and dysfunctional conflict, you can also have constructive conflicts and destructive conflicts.Constructive conflicts will help team members grow and develop as workers and human beings. The parties of the confli ct use the opportunity to learn something and improve their skills. The conflict tends to end on a solution and a boost in-group spirit. On the other hand, destructive conflicts are demoralizing and often lead to more polarization within the team. They hardly have a solution, at least a positive one, and they can continue causing disruption within the team later on.Now the reason all of the above matters is that it gives you the starting point to begin solving the conflict. If you know its classification â€" the who, the why and the how â€" you can use the right types of techniques to solve the problem. FOCUS ON THE GOLDEN RULES OF ENGAGEMENTConflict in a way is always a breakdown in communication. There is a clash in communication, either because something is misunderstood, misinformed, or ill shared. In order to resolve a conflict, you need to first ensure the communication channels are restored and are used efficiently.Communication in conflict matters because it helps in meeting the fundamental need of the ego. Our egos want to be listened to, empathized with, appreciated and empowered. No matter what the conflict and the person ‘at fault’; everyone has an ego need that needs attention. So, when you start solving a group conflict, your focus should be on feeding the ego with appropriate communication.You should employ three golden rules of engagement during a conflict situation. These are:Listen actively and respond with empathy. Your focus should always be on ensuring all the sides of the conflict get a fair hearing. Even when the conflict might be resolved in favor of one person or the conflict seems unfair, you need to listen to both sides.Instead of telling the group to ‘stop arguing’, you need to get people to open up about the issue at hand. Your focus needs to be on active listening. You can engage in active listening by:Allowing everyone to raise their opinion and explain what they think is the cause of the conflict â€" Your job is to ask q uestions that clarify the person’s position, not to give your opinion or counter argue.Understanding what different people are feeling â€" You need to see everyone’s perspective. This can help solve the problem quickly (there might have been a simple misunderstanding) and ensures people feel understood.Focusing on the feelings â€" You want to focus on outlining the feelings people are having about the issues at hand and the behaviors they think can help improve the situation.Be active throughout the conflict management process and ensure others are included in the process. Continue engagement throughout the conflict management; your listening shouldn’t just be limited to the start of the conflict. You need to listen to: get an understanding of what the problem is, find solutions to the problems, and noticing how well the changes are implemented.Therefore, you can’t just take in people’s opinion, come up with a solution and apply it with a top-down approach. People who are part of the conflict, directly or indirectly need to have a voice in finding the solution and in implementing it. Not only does this guarantee the solution is more long lasting, it can prevent a future conflict.An important part of staying active as the mediator is ensuring you are seen as “the impartial middle man”. You can’t take sides on a conflict. Instead you want to help everyone understand the different perspectives at play.Maintain and affirm the group members’ self esteem. The ego doesn’t like when it’s crushed or criticized. You can keep a conflict going on simply by nurturing resentment within the group with bad communication. If you don’t listen to one person’s opinion or you publicly tell the group someone is at fault, you hurt the ego and you cause resentment.Even in situations where one side might be ‘right’, you need to support everyone. You want to make them feel their cries weren’t invalid or that some of their behaviors have been extremely go od or beneficial. Remember the classic sandwich feedback style? You should ditch it and instead consider the Feedback Wrap, which can be especially beneficial when dealing with conflict situations. Here’s an introduction to the Feedback Wrap by Management30.com: The above method works because it helps focus on the facts and the feelings, as well as the method going forward. This is part of maintaining a person’s self-esteem during conflict. You want to provide them support and the confidence to move beyond the conflict.For example, Person A might be in conflict with the team because he feels he works harder than everyone else. But the team might be performing as needed and the conflict is just about the different approach to work ethic.Instead of telling Person A to stop complaining, you need to support them and make them feel appreciated. This means understanding their frustrations with other people’s work ethic, while helping them be a better team member in inspiring others to work harder, rather than just complain about it.HOW TO DEAL WITH CONFLICTOnce you understand the type of group conflict you have at hand and you apply effective communication methods to solving the conflict, you can focus on the actual steps that help eliminate the issue. You’ll need to take these five steps in order to resolve a conflict situation quickly.Step 1: Acknowledge the conflict fast, but calm things down.While you need to be quick in identifying there’s a problem, don’t try to rush things through. Conflict resolution doesn’t have to last forever, but it also can’t be rushed or forced. When you notice a problem within a team â€" either because you hear/see something, someone complains about a problem, or the performance suddenly drops â€" acknowledge it immediately.Let the group know you are looking into the issue and start examining the reasons and communicating with the group, keeping the above tips in mind. You should never try ignoring an issue no matter h ow minor it seems to you or keeping things going until later, as you might turn a small problem into a big issue.Not only can delays build resentment within the group, but it can also lead to further problems that might make finding a solution harder. Even just simply acknowledging the issue and allowing people to voice their opinions can be enough to calm things down and dissolve the immediate disruption.Nonetheless, you also shouldn’t try finding a solution on a whim. Acknowledgement doesn’t equal pushing a solution forward. You don’t want to react to a conflict by picking ‘the winner’ and moving on. As mentioned above, there needs to be a careful assessment of the perspectives and appropriate focus on ensuring everyone’s opinion is heard. Essentially, you need to avoid rushing into negative behaviors like:Finding the person at fault, i.e. pointing fingers.Insulting group members or complaining to people about the conflict or behavior within the group.Making assumption s about the problems or the solutions.Handing ultimatums to team members.When a conflict arises, you need to acknowledge the situation and make sure everyone in the team know you are aware of the issues and that you are going to work with the team to solve the problem. You then need to take a breather and start engaging with the team in conversation, reserving any judgment until later.Step 2: Listen to each side of the conflict.Like I’ve mentioned at the start, the key to solving a conflict lies in creating appropriate communication channels. This starts by listening to each side of the conflict â€" even the people who aren’t directly involved in it.You want to have team members provide you with their honest account of the situation. This is often best done face-to-face, ensuring people feel comfortable to speak their minds without the fear of a backlash. You can later have a team-wide conversation as well, but it’s a good idea to allow people with the space to speak alone as well to get a more honest image of what it going on.When you are engaging people in conversation, your focus should be on getting them to talk about the three pillars of conflict:What is happening? Why the conflict is taking place?How to solve the situation?As you have people answering the above questions, you’re actually taking two steps to resolving the problem. First, you get a better idea of what is going on, as well as valuable insight and tips into how things could be resolved. But you also get the team members to rationalize and think about the situation at hand with an outsider.This can help them understand whether there’s validity in the arguments they are making and perhaps even realize how they could instantly find a way to solve it.Step 3: Start finding common ground.As you engage people in conversation and you start listening to the perspectives, you need to make note of the common ground. Are there certain issues people seem to agree on? What are the common behavio rs or outcomes that people are hoping to get out of the situation?Noticing agreements can help in a conflict situation because it bridges the gap between the disagreements. It forces people to focus on the issues everyone agrees rather than the problems that are dividing opinion. When you’ve listened to people’s statements and opinions, note down all the things people agree on and start looking for a solution based on this common ground.As I’ve explained previously, engagement is crucial. When you start finding the common group and compiling your thoughts based on the different ideas and opinions, you want to ensure the rest of the group is engaged. Don’t just note how the team agrees on improving resource management in your head, but make everyone see this is something everyone is looking to achieve. Make people acknowledge other person’s perspective and the agreements the group has.Furthermore, you need to acknowledge your responsibility it finding the solution. Being a team manager doesn’t mean you can’t eventually have an opinion or make a judgment call on the next steps. If the conflict looks unlikely to be resolved within the group, you do need to step in.Behavior that is out of bounds (someone is being viciously attacked or abused, for example) must also be tackled swiftly and without a ‘compromise’. Indeed, it’s crucial to understand that finding common ground doesn’t always mean compromising or forcing the ‘majority’ decision on the minority.The fact that the majority thinks Person A shouldn’t have access to more resources might not be solved adequately by reducing the resources. Person A might actually need the resources because of Reasons A, B and C. Common ground might not be a compromise an allowing everyone access to the exact resources, but understanding the goals better and explaining to everyone the justifications why Person A needs the extra resources, i.e. increasing accountability and openness.Step 4: Agree on a solutionConflicts can’t just be brushed aside when things settle. Telling people about the solution and then moving on can stop the conflict from being a problem for now, but it probably won’t result in meaningful and long lasting change.The solution should be agreed on with the whole team and the results put in writing. Discuss the solutions together, even if you need to make the final say. Find a solution that seems agreeable and fair to all parties and ensure everyone understands the reasoning behind the solution, even if they would have hoped another outcome.Focus on the positives of the solution. Congratulate people for their efforts during the process and emphasize the importance the solution will have on helping the team thrive and reach previously agreed goals and objectives. Make the conclusion about the positives, not about punishing someone or complaining about the time the team might have lost during the conflict.It also helps to create a more meaningful change by ha ving everyone agree on the solution in paper. You could print out the new commitments or rules you’ve decided upon and make sure everyone signs to these rules.The least you should do is to gather the group and make sure everyone is on the same page with the result and understands what the solution means â€" i.e. the behaviors that are now expected of them.Step 5: Check up on the conflict parties regularlyYour conflict resolution is probably not the end of it. While you want the ‘peace agreement’ to last, you shouldn’t take it for granted. Even after the conflict has been solved, you want to engage in conversation with the conflict parties and ensure things are going well. What this does is show commitment on your part to ensure everyone in the team is appreciated and feels comfortable.To check up on the conflict and how the team is doing, you should:Keep an eye on the team atmosphere and focus on trying to sense the mood.Ask how team members are doing and what positive chang es they’ve noted.Avoid reminding people about the reasons behind the conflict, as you don’t want to open up old wounds.Enforce and strengthen people’s understanding of the team rules and objectives â€" create an environment of teamwork.Continue strengthening team trust and co-operation.After a conflict situation, team-building exercises can be extremely useful. Check out the below video for some quick tips on improving team spirit: FINAL THOUGHTSGroup conflicts can happen for a variety of reasons and they can be detrimental to the performance of the team or help the team mould in together. When confronting the issue, the quickest way to solving it is first acknowledging there is an issue and learning about the perspectives that are keeping the conflict alive.You need to know what people feel and think, as well as help them see each other’s perspective and the common ground they share. Your role should be that of a mediator, yet a manager also can’t hide away from the respo nsibility of ensuring there’s a solution.When you do find a solution, make sure everyone is happy with it and understands the reasoning behind the agreement.

Define and Discuss the Ideas of Global Orientation

Chapter 10 Pricing Products: Understanding and Capturing Customer Value 1) ________ is the amount of money charged for a product or service. A) Experience curve B) Demand curve C) Price D) Wage E) Salary Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 290 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-1 2) Price is the only element in the marketing mix that produces ________. A) revenue B) variable costs C) expenses D) outfixed costs E) stability Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 290 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-1 3) ________ is an important element in the marketing mix. It is the only element that does not represent costs. A) Current profit maximization B) Market share leadership C) Price D) Product quality leadership E) The target market†¦show more content†¦A) High-low pricing B) Target pricing C) Cost-plus pricing D) EDLP E) Penetration pricing Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-2 17) ________ involves attaching features and services to differentiate a company s offers and to support charging higher prices.. A) Break-even pricing B) Target pricing C) Value-added pricing D) Cost-plus pricing E) Pricing-down Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-2 18) ________ is a company s power to escape price competition and to justify higher prices and margins. A) Variable cost B) Pricing power C) Target cost D) Fixed cost E) Unit cost Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-2 19) To maintain and increase a company s ________, a firm must retain or build the value of its marketing offer. A) variable cost B) pricing power C) target cost D) fixed cost E) image Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-2 20) When there is price competition, many companies adopt ________ rather than cutting prices to match competitors. A) pricing power B) value-added strategies C) fixed costs D) price elasticity E) image pricing Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 293 Skill: Concept Objective: 10-2 21) Ryanair offers free flights to a quarter of its customers and rock-bottomShow MoreRelatedInternational Marketing Ch 1 Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion Questions for Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing Discussion Questions |1. |Define: | | | |International marketing |Foreign uncontrollables | | |Controllable elements |Marketing relativism Read More4 Phases of International Marketing Involvement664 Words   |  3 Pagesdecide which stages they would like to go. Define and discuss the idea of global orientation. 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However, the true purpose of schooling should be to educate all students equitably, regardless of race, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, etc., so that they can use logic and reasoning to make informed decisions (Spring, 6). Teachers are at the frontline in the struggle to create well-e ducated citizens within a diverse and democratic society. This essay will examine the criteriaRead MoreHow The Marketing Environment Globally Changed Over The Last Ten Years1547 Words   |  7 Pages 1344341 Student Name: Nikesh Total Marks: 25 Semester / Year: Two - 2015 Submission Date: Week Five (Friday 14th August midnight) Lecturer’s Name: Leanne McCoy Discuss how the marketing environment globally changed over the last ten years. How have these changes impacted on the role of the marketing manager? What impact have these changes had on the concept of ‘customer value creation’? From last 10 years marketing

Angel Estrada . Engl 2310 - 120. Dr. Mcgregor. April 11,

Angel Estrada ENGL 2310 - 120 Dr. McGregor April 11, 2017 The Chrysanthemums The difference between men and women is a very controversial issue, while there are obviously physical differences. The problem would be on how the genders are treated. It is stereotypically thought that the men do all the hard work and bring the money to the table, while the women stay at home cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children which are your usual typical housewife. While this stereotype doesn t exist today, it was very common for it to be known in the 1900s. By using many different literary tools such as character development, symbolism, and setting from John Steinbeck s The Chrysanthemums challenges this controversial topic of the†¦show more content†¦When her husband Henry had commented about her strong chrysanthemum crop, Elisa is pleased by the manliness the word implies but her husband reminds her of her femininity by offering her an evening on the town to celebrate the big business deal he had done. After this conversation with her husband, she goes back to her masculine role of transplanting the flowers. Loneliness takes a role from the start on how Elisa is lonely just for the simple fact that she s a woman trapped in a world of men. Steinbeck displays loneliness with The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the Salinas Valley from the sky and from all the rest of the world. On every side, it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot (704). While adding the fact that the men do business and Elisa is settled to attend the house it makes a pretty strong sense of solitude. This is soon coming to a change once a man knows as the tinker disrupts her usual solitude. It is when her isolation is broken that the story truly begins to unfold. The tinker is the man that started the change on how Elisa was begging to feel about herself that she wasn t just a women. The tinker which a man which stubble on the Elisa working outside. The tinker hopped out to ask for direction to the hi ghway which then sparked conversation with Elisa that changed it all. Elisa engaged with the tinker to show him on how to return to the highway the man to intrigued had then to notice the little

Racist Speech Free Essays

As a society, we need to realize that with honesty, you have a certain responsibility and walk a fine line between offending people and possibly making racial statements. Therefore, the main difference between my interpretation and the conventional one is my focus is on unintentional vs.. We will write a custom essay sample on Racist Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Intentional racist speech. The Balance between racist speech and expression in a college environment can be difficult to decipher; students are encouraged and should express themselves while n campus, this embraces their creativity, passion, talent and allows them to feel Like they’re in a safe environment. However, there is a fine line between expressing themselves in an offensive way vs.. An effective way. The article written by Derek Book titled Protecting Freedom of Expression on the Campus focuses on a situation that occurred at Harvard, stating that â€Å"Two students hung Confederate flags in public view, upsetting students who equate the Confederacy with slavery’. According to my deflation this Is clearly racist speech and started quite the commotion among the Taft at the prestigious university and caused some other colleges to take racist speech too new level. In Books article his statement of colleges â€Å"some have enacted codes to protect their communities from forms of speech that are deemed to be insensitive to the feelings of other groups. † Even the words â€Å"Insensitive to the feelings of other groups† degrades the first amendment and could lead to racism. While some colleges chose not to enforce any restrictions, others varied In their approach and seventy of retribution. There are many ways to deal with this issue but the fact that each institution deals with it differently proves that racist speech continues and the answer remains elusive. Even though communities have the right to regulate speech they must do so very cautiously. If they do, they must apply the rules and limitations across the board and cannot enforce selectively to prohibit certain kind of messages and allow others that they think are acceptable; which can again be portrayed as racist speech. He goes on to say that â€Å"I am sure that the vast majority of Harvard students believe hat hanging a Confederate flag in public view-or displaying a swastika in response-is insensitive and unwise because any satisfaction It gives to the students who display these symbols Is far outweighed by the discomfort It causes to many others. † When freedom of speech does not guarantee that the choice made by the student’s will be the same choice Book would make. Right after that quote, Book states â€Å"l share this view’, but we forget that the flag symbolizing slavery was not the intent but rather an unintentional form of racist speech. If you are an agency of the government including public universities the free speech clause in the first amendment will be upheld even if the event offends the feelings or believes of that community. Book says in his article â€Å"l have difficulty understanding why a university such as Harvard should have less free speech than the surrounding society- or than a public university’. In response Harvard is a private university which means it is not obligated to all government rules and regulation, the problem comes from the ambiguous limitations of the first amendment. Who’s to say what is offensive or not in the eyes of the law, there are no tangible words for racist speech which results in many different interpretations. Colleges are not the only institutions with this problem; racist speech can be found everywhere. Even President Barack Obama is trying to end discrimination regarding the military and people who have different sexual preferences. The controversial â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell†, passed in 1993, prevents gay men and lesbians from revealing their sexual orientation, and prevents the military from asking about it. This discuss policy has been in effect for over 15 years, and it’s been supported by our military at all levels. However, this law of the â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy is unconstitutional because the main purpose of the First Amendment is freedom of speech, if lesbians and gay men are not allowed to have this right in the military; then the military and congress who approved this law are both racist. This is an example of racist speech and our government is acting as if it were a private institution and not part of a government that is owned by the people. President Barack Obama wants to put an end to the anti-gay policy because it clearly sends a message of discrimination regarding the right to freedom of speech. It is a battle between our right to freedom of speech and the Military right to pass a law only because it can. Although these incidents seem quite manageable they can easily become a much bigger problem. For instance what if someone decides to burn the offensive flag at Harvard down, we now have crossed the freedom of speech line and have committed an illegal act. Can you imagine what would happen in our public schools if we tried to enforce â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell†. Speech can cross over to action which causes racial tension but is also considered a crime. If you minimize racist speech you put a spotlight on racism only making the situation worse igniting the flames that started the problem in the first place. Book says â€Å"it would be better to ignore† however ignoring the problem is a Band-Aid not a solution. In order to come to a universal agreement that will end racism, means making it a priority to our first amendment. Book says â€Å"The fact that speech is protected by the tuition from Harvard the students who felt offended by the flag that symbolized slavery through their eyes, would strongly disagree with Book protesting that it is our right. However our leaders in congress seem to strongly agree, by their actions of standing by â€Å"Don’t ask Don’t Tell†, they must believe gay men and lesbians do not have the right to voice talk or congregate with others of their persuasion while in the service of our government about their sexual preference. As long as there is freedom of speech, it is considered wrong to tell someone what they can or can’t say. How to cite Racist Speech, Papers

Solomon Northups 12 Years a Slave narrates the au Essays - Film

Solomon Northup's 12 Years a Slave narrates the author's life story as a free black man from the North who was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the pre-Civil War South. The son of a liberated slave, Northup was born free. He lived, worked, and married in upstate New York, where his family lived . He was a complex hand and also a skilled violin player. In 1841, two con men offered him lucrative work playing fiddle in a circus, so he traveled with them to Washington, D.C., where he was drugged, kidnapped, and subsequently sold as a slave into the Red River region of Louisiana. For the next twelve years he survived as the human property of several different slave masters, with the majority of his slavery lived under the harsh possession of a southern planter named Edwin Epps. In January 1853, Northup was finally freed by Northern friends who came to his rescue. He returned home to his family in New York and there, with the hel p of editor David Wilson, wrote his account in 12 Years a Slave . 12 Years a Slave serves as a time less indictment of the practice of human slavery. Northup's detailing the abuses he suffered and those he was forced to wreak provides a warning to all generations of the moral costs that slavery takes from everyone involved. The slave himself or herself is degraded, made to suffer awful ordeals , and maliciously robbed of physical, emotional, and spiritual resources . Still, the slave is not the only one who suffers. By participating in slavery, the master is morally degraded and emotionally numb . His religion is made hypocrisy. His family heritage is robbed of basic human elegances like love, justice, and honor . In this respect, Northup's 12 Years a Slave is notable for giving human faces to the evil that was once common practice, and for sounding a constant warning of the awful consequences of slavery. 12 Years a Slave is a testimony to the power of the human spirit and the lasting willpower of courage . Solomon Northup is betrayed , abducted , mistreated , removed from family, deprived of self , and beaten into a long, weary, unjustified submission. Yet he is never shattered . Even in his worst days of sorrow lived under the meanness of Edwin Epps, he never gives up hope that one day he will be free. He never loses faith in his friends, constantly assured that if he can only get word to the North then they will indeed come to his rescue. And they do. In the end, Solomon Northup's heartbreaking voyage lifts because in his testimony is sign that faith and hope can endureand win . The three most important aspects of 12 Years a Slave: 12 Years a Slave presents a startlingly accurate and verifiable account of the common slave experience in the United States in the antebellum (pre-Civil War) South. From start to finis h, basic facts about the time, the places, the people, and the practices of the day are incorporated, sometimes in excessive detail, into Northup's story. He speaks with authority on all subjects of his enslavement, naming names and pointing out markers along the way. In doing so, he dares doubters to undermine his story, knowing that public records and common knowledge would defend it. For example, when Northup accuses a wicked slave trader of keeping him captive in Washington, D.C ., he not only names that slave owners , he names the slaver's coconspirator , identifies exactly where the slave pen is hidden, and describes the physical structure of the slave pen in detail. The result? During the trial that took place after Northup had been freed, that slave trader couldn't deny having kept Northup as his captive in that now-exposed slave pen. Additionally, the accuracy of and factual detail in 12 Years a Slave have kept this book renowned as a dependa ble historical reference on slavery for more than 150 years since it first debuted. CITATION McQ13 \l 1033 (McQueen) Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY 12 Years a Slave. Dir. Steve McQueen. 2013. 28 11 2016.

What You Need to Know About the Weak Force

What You Need to Know About the Weak Force The weak nuclear force is one of the four fundamental forces of physics through which particles interact with each other, together with the strong force, gravity, and electromagnetism. Compared to both electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force has a much weaker intensity, which is why it has the name weak nuclear force. The theory of the weak force was first proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1933 and was known at that time as Fermis interaction. The weak force is mediated by two types of gauge bosons: the Z boson and W boson. Weak Nuclear Force Examples The weak interaction plays a key role in radioactive decay, the violation of both parity symmetry and  CP symmetry, and changing the flavor of quarks (as in beta decay). The theory that describes the weak force is called quantum flavourdynamics (QFD), which is analogous to quantum chromodynamics (QCD) for the strong force and quantum electrodynamics (QFD) for the electromagnetic force. Electro-weak theory (EWT) is the more popular model of the nuclear force. Also Known As:  The weak nuclear force is also referred to as: the weak force, the weak nuclear interaction, and the weak interaction. Properties of the Weak Interaction The weak force is different from the other forces: It is the only force that violates  parity-symmetry (P).It is the only force that violates charge-parity symmetry (CP).It is the only interaction that can change one kind of quark into another or its flavor.The weak force is propagated by carrier particles that have significant masses (about 90  GeV/c). The key quantum number for particles in the weak interaction is a physical property known as the weak isospin, which is equivalent to the role that electric spin plays in the electromagnetic force and color charge in the strong force. This is a conserved quantity, meaning that any weak interaction will have a total isospin sum at the end of the interaction as it had at the beginning of the interaction. The following particles have a weak isospin of 1/2: electron neutrinomuon neutrinotau neutrinoup quarkcharm quarktop quark The following particles have a weak isospin of -1/2: electronmuontaudown quarkstrange quarkbottom quark The Z boson and W boson are both much more massive than the other gauge bosons that mediate the other forces (the photon for electromagnetism and the gluon for the strong nuclear force). The particles are so massive that they decay very quickly in most circumstances. The weak force has been unified together with the electromagnetic force as a single fundamental electroweak force, which manifests at high energy (such as those found within particle accelerators). This unification work received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, and further work on proving that the mathematical foundations of the electroweak force were renormalizable received the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas

5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas 5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas 5 Sentences Repaired by Correct Use of Commas By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"Students write a third essay regarding the impact of geography on history and culture.† The implication of this sentence is that students produce three essays on the topic in question. But if the preceding text refers to differing topics for the first two essays, the sentence suffers from insufficient differentiation. This revision specifies that the third essay’s topic differs from those of the others: â€Å"Students write a third essay, this one regarding the impact of geography on history and culture.† 2. â€Å"Students participate in a workshop on learning to research effectively and refine their search with a professional researcher.† The relationship between the verb phrases in this sentence is unclear: Do students first participate in a workshop and then refine their research, or do they participate in a workshop about researching effectively, during which they also refine their search? Either way, the sentence, because of the ambiguity, is erroneously organized. If the former meaning is intended, the sentence should read, â€Å"Students participate in a workshop in which they first learn to research effectively and then refine their search with a professional researcher.† If the latter meaning is the correct interpretation, it should read, â€Å"Students participate in a workshop on learning to research effectively, and then refine their search with a professional researcher.† 3. â€Å"He invoked the dreaded comparison with Mary Smith, only Jones has been more successful in her sport than Smith.† Because of the paucity of punctuation in this sentence, the sentence could be read as containing a comma splice, an error in which a comma is incorrectly employed in place of a more substantial punctuation mark. But if a semicolon or a period separates the two clauses, and the second element (depending on which punctuation mark is used, an independent clause or a separate sentence) seems to imply that no one other than Jones has been more successful than Smith, a non sequitur results. It’s much more likely that only serves as a less formal synonym for however. However, just as when that word is used, the sentence still requires stronger punctuation to clarify its function: â€Å"He invoked the dreaded comparison with Mary Smith; only, Jones has been more successful in her sport than Smith.† The semicolon seems too formal for the casual only, though; a dash seems more appropriate. Either way, however, only must be set off from the following statement by a comma: â€Å"He invoked the dreaded comparison with Mary Smith only, Jones has been more successful in her sport than Smith.† 4. â€Å"She also uses a Geiger counter, which measures radiation; motion detectors; barometric-pressure monitors; and thermometers.† This sentence, containing four listed elements only one of which, the first, is modified is hampered by the notion that because of that extra phrase, the usual commas must be promoted to semicolons to bear the burden of supporting the sentence’s structure. When used with such short phrases, however, the semicolons seem overbearing. The simple insertion of the conjunction plus, which serves to provide more distance between sentence elements than the standard and, obviates the complicating semicolon solution: â€Å"She also uses a Geiger counter, which measures radiation, plus thermometers, motion detectors, and barometric pressure monitors.† (Notice that, for euphony, I’ve reordered the additional list items according to the number of syllables in each item.) 5. â€Å"The majority has upheld the act in whole, not by relying on an expansive reading of the commerce clause, but on Congress’s firmly rooted power to tax.† The initial proposition in this sentence, â€Å"The majority has upheld the act in whole not by relying on an expansive reading of the commerce clause . . .,† is a continuous thought, and there is no reason to include punctuation within it. But there’s a larger problem: The sentence is not parallel. Relying should be repositioned to serve both propositions (those beginning â€Å"not on† and â€Å"but on†), because the structure of the two phrases, in the original sentence respectively headed by â€Å"not by† and â€Å"but on,† is discordant. The solution, which (like â€Å"not only . . . but also† constructions), requires no internal punctuation: â€Å"The majority has upheld the act in whole by relying not on an expansive reading of the commerce clause but on Congress’s firmly rooted power to tax.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter44 Resume Writing TipsOne Scissor?

Hauffman Trucking Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hauffman Trucking Company - Essay Example he choice of the location is important since, a prime location enables the company reap benefits that would have essentially cost the company lots of money to acquire. For example, access to new and efficient technological innovations (Caprio, 2013). Globalization encourages mergers between organizations thus creating bigger companies. This increases the revenue and the value of the organization. The organization gains a larger market share, a decrease in expenses and experiences a decrease in expenses. The prime negative effect of globalization is outsourcing. This is the hiring of new staff from outside the organization to the subsidiary companies set up in different countries. This increases the organization`s expenditure in catering for the increased number of employees. There are five main factors contributing to exchange rate risks. They include the expectations of the economic growth. An economy responds to a growing population in different ways. If the growth occurs too rapidly, the cost of living will increase due to the unnecessary wages paid. With higher growth comes higher inflation and this increases the exchange rates. On the other hand, deflation, which normally occurs during recession, is a sign of economic stagnation. This lowers the exchange rates. Other factors include, trade balance, central bank actions, employment outlooks and interest rates (Wagner,

Civil Law Rights Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Civil Law Rights - Case Study Example if date is not mentioned then it is considered that in 7 working days consumer be liable to make payments for specific advertisement and finished the transaction by the date you have agreed with the person providing the service, or within a logical time if you haven't fixed a specific date This case entitle to 'Consumer Sale law' that center on the legal and self regulatory controls on the advertising of consumer goods and services - the law of consumer advertising that is the major provisions of the Trade Descriptions Act 1968. It also entitles to 'Control of Misleading Advertising Regulations 1988', Part III Consumer Protection Act 1987. Liability of sellers and manufacturers if the products sold are not satisfactory or are unsafe - the implied terms in the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as amended) and related legislation, the manufacturers liability for defective products - Part I Consumer Protection Act 1987 and the general duty to supply safe products under both domestic and EC law with particular emphasis on the toy industry. Legal liability in respect of consumer services with particular emphasis on the travel industry. ... Legal liability in respect of consumer services with particular emphasis on the travel industry. The Consumer and the Internet - the course will examine the regulation of e-commerce in relation to business to consumer advertising and sale of goods and services on the Internet. http://www.law.cf.ac.uk/course/ug/modules.html According to these laws, all buyers are entitled to remedies under the legislation although consumers are entitled to a better range of remedies. Consumers are defined as people who are buying for rationales not linked to their trade, business or profession. A consumer's rights concerning the sale and supply of goods cannot be reduced in any means by a term in the agreement. Limitations might be probable in business- to-business contracts but any restriction is matter to the necessities of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Throughout the United Kingdom, nevertheless, a trader and a customer can concur that these rights do not be valid to a particular transaction for the condition of a service or must only be appropriate to a limited extent. Any such exclusion or restraint will however be issue to the provision of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Now we will discuss Rajeev's case. He requests a black leather jacket and accompanies his form with a cheque for 700 in payment of the price. As he received his jacket, he discovered from a label inside the jacket was made in Vietnam. Whereas, Pavarotti Fashions Ltd mail order catalogue in which it was mentioned that all Exclusive items of the highest quality using only natural fabrics hand-made in the European community. This is the pure case of consumer misleading

The Ethics of Shopping at Wal-Mart Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive E

One has to work hard to consider their values in particular issues and how strongly they feel. This is the choice many people make when they invest in mutual funds, and have no idea where their mutual funds are invested. Many vocal opponents to shopping at Wal-Mart might discover they hold investments in the Wal-Mart. There are 1050 mutual funds that are invested in Wal-Mart, some of the largest mutual funds in the world. There are many people who have no idea where their investments lie. If you want to be true to your value against shopping at Wal-Mart, you need to be careful to remove yourself from investments that support Wal-Mart. You have to review your investments and find out where your money is invested. Let's consider the case of the prominent politician, John Kerry. John Kerry's wife, Teresa Heinz was a highly vocal critic of Wal-Mart. An investigative journalist discovered that she had one million dollars invested in the company. She held a lot of stock in a company of which she was critical. This provides insight into the idea that you have to work hard to consider your values in particular issues and how strongly you do feel. Regardless of what you think of Wal-Mart, Wal-Mart is continually voted as one most admired companies in America by Fortune magazine. This is how Jerry Useem began the article he wrote for Fortune magazine: There is an evil company in Arkansas, some say. It's a discount store-a very, very big discount store-and it will do just about anything to get bigger. You've seen the headlines. Illegal immigrants mopping its floors. Workers locked inside overnight. A big gender discrimination suit. Wages low enough to make other companies' workers go on strike. And we know what it does to weaker su... ...oods they buy in order to have a saner, more livable lifestyle. 2 In conclusion, I agree with the noted shortcomings of Wal-Mart. But, I don't think people can argue that it's unethical to shop at Wal-Mart, that anyone who shops at Wal-Mart is unethical or believe it is ethical to point the figure at those who do shop at Wal-Mart. I suggest everyone first check their values and then their investments, and they'll discover they probably are supporting Wal-Mart, a company they believe is evil, via 401Ks or mutual funds. Works Cited Jerry Useem. Should We Admire Wal-Mart? Some say it's evil. Others insist it's a model of all that's right with America. Who are we to believe? Fortune Magazine February 23, 2014 From "No Place Like Home/Community and the Marketplace" (p. 191 - 193) How Cities Work by Alex Marshall, University of Texas Press Austin, 2013.

Ansoff Matrix Essay

1ï ¼Å½ What are the four product growth strategies according to the Ansoff matrix? Critically evaluate each of them with an appropriate example of each. Answer1: (1) Product strategies for growth: a useful way of looking at growth opportunities is offered by the Ansoff Matrix as it is a practical framework for thinking about how growth can be achieved through product strategy. It comprises four general approaches to sales growth: market penetration/expansion, product development, market development and diversification. Market penetration and expansion are strategies relating to growing exiting products in existing markets. Market penetration depends on winning competitors’ customers or buying competitors (thereby increasing market share). Defense of increased penetration may be through discouraging competitive entry. Market expansion may be through converting non-users to users or increasing usage rate. Although market share may not increase, sales growth is achieved through increasing market size. Product development is a strategy for developing new products for existing markets. It has three variants: extending existing product lines (brand extensions) to give current customers greater choice; product replacement (updates of old products); and innovation (developing fundamentally different products). Market development is a strategy for taking existing products and marketing them in new markets. This may be through the promotion of new uses of existing products to new customers, or the marketing of existing products to new market segments (e.g. overseas markets). Diversification (entry into new markets) is a strategy for developing new products for new markets. It is the most risky of the four growth strategies but also potentially the most rewarding. (2) For example: market penetration (Cadbury Schweppes did by increasing expenditure by 87 percent over a four-year period); market expansion (Kellogg’s has targeted lapsed breakfast cereal users who rediscover the pleasu re of eating cornflakes when feeding their children); product development (the development of the compact disc is an example); market development (Andy Thornton Ltd., an interior design business, successfully increased sales by entering Scandinavia and Germany, two geographic segments that provided new expansion opportunities for its services.); diversification (Sony’s move into 8 mm camcorders) Answer2: Ansoff Matrix ( can deal with new product) In order to increase sales volume, Ansoff matrix provides a framework, by combining present product and new product, present market and new market into 2*2 matrixes, which are market penetration or expansion, product development, market development and diversification. 1. Existing product + existing market. The strategies for this matrix are market penetration or expansion. For penetration, the most basic way is to win competitor’s customers. This may be achieved by more effective use of promotion (compared with competitors) or distribution, or by cutting prices. Increasing promotional expenditure is another method of winning competitors’ customers, as Cadbury did by increasing expenditure by 87 per cent over a four-year period. Another way to win competitors’ customer is to buy competitors. The biggest advantage of this method is to capture customers immediately. Moreover, buying other rivals can also gain their limited resources and advanced skills and expertise. However, it also has its disadvantages, such as high cost of capital and risk. In addition, in order to protect gained penetration, a company has to discourage new competitors to enter into market. Barriers can be created by cost advantages. For example, low labor cost. Highly differentiated products and high switching costs as well as displaying aggressive tendencies to retaliate play a role in repelling new entrants. As for expansion, there are two methods to boost sales. One is to convert non-user to user, another is to increase usage rate. For example, carnation entered the powdered coffee whitening market with coffee mate, a key success factor was its ability to persuade hitherto non-user of powdered whiteners to switch from milk. 2. New product + existing market. The strategy for this category is product development. It can be achieved by three ways. The first way is innovation. Both extend existing product lines for giving customers more choices and add new feature to trigger the trading up can increase sale volume. The second way is product replacement, which involves the replacement of old brands/models with new one. This is common in car industry and often involves an upgrading of the old model with a new replacement. The final one  is replacement of an old product with a fundamentally different one, often based on technology change. The development of CD is an example. 3ï ¼Å½ Existing product + new market. The strategy is market development, which entail promotions of existing product to a new market, or existing product to a new segment. For instance, nylon is marketed as a replacement of silk, but expanded into shirt, carpet and so on. For new segment, Andy Thornton Ltd. Successfully increased sales by entering Scandinavia and Germany, two geographic segments that provided new expansion opportunities for its services. 4ï ¼Å½ New product + new market. The strategy for it is entering into new markets (diversification). This is the most risky option, especially when the entry strategy is not based on the core competences. However, it can also be the most rewarding, as exemplified by Honda’s move from motorcycles to cars and Sony’s move into 8mm camcorders.

The Effects Of Music On Music Throughout History - 1587 Words

Toby J. Hess Professor Paschke Humanities 220 April 15, 2015 Technology: The Effects on Music throughout History Music and technology aid one another. In a way a person can capture music they love through technology and then the electronic companies flourish due to the sale and popularity of these electronic devices. If a person wants to listen to music they can turn on a stereo or TV, choose a CD or DVD to play, or listen to a songs downloaded in ITunes. All of these devices are proof to show how technology is used to record, play, and change the way music is heard. A look through history will show how far society has come in music alone. The development of technology has changed the way the music industry operates and the way society hears and purchases music today. It started off with humming, then singing. People sang in church choirs, in the living room, or on a stage. Music can be heard by vocals or by the melodic tune of instruments. People paid to go to symphonies and listen to composers perform their masterpieces. Family gathered around the piano, or at a church to listen to music on the holidays. Music was not portable, nor was it recordable. According to the novel, Looking Backward in 1888, the philosophy was that technology was the â€Å"solution to the ills plaguing modern life and the means to achieve a perfect society† (Katz, 51). Meaning that life was boring and technology was the answer to bettering and changing society. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented theShow MoreRelatedBudget Cuts are Destroying Music Education: Music Programs are Essential to Education1082 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history music has played an important role in society, whether it was Mozart moving people with his newest opera or the latest album from the Beatles. Where would society be today without music? With schools cutting their music programs, the next Mozart may not get his chance to discover his amazing talent. 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